1. SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL
Turkey is located in a relatively
advantageous geographical position. The solar energy
potential evaluations made by EIE, based on the data
measured by the State Meteorological Services during
1966-1982 revealed :
- The annual average total insolation duration as 2640
hours (7,2 hours/day)
-
Average annual solar radiation as 1311 kWh/m²-year
(3,6 kWh/m²-day)
Monthly
solar energy potential of Turkey is given in Table
1. Solar energy potential according to the geographical
regions is given in Table 2.
However
it has been recognized that the existing meteorological
data is lower than the actual solar energy data of
Turkey. EIE and DMI have been taking new measurements
since 1992 to determine the more accurate solar energy
data. Although the measurements have not been completed
yet, the collected data indicates that the actual
solar energy radiation values are 20-25% higher than
the existing data.
A model was developed with
the data from the 8 measurement stations of EIE and
with the data from the DMI measurement stations. Accordingly,
the solar radiation and insolation values are calculated
for 57 cities of Turkey. The study is published as
a report. (Solar Energy
Data
)
|
Table-1
Monthly Average Solar Potential of Turkey
Source: General Directorate of EIE
|
|
MONTHS
|
MONTHLY TOTAL SOLAR ENERGY
(Kcal/cm2-month)
(kWh/m2-month)
|
SUNSHINE DURATION
(hours /month)
|
|
January
|
4,45
|
51,75
|
103,0
|
|
February
|
5,44
|
63,27
|
115,0
|
|
March
|
8,31
|
96,65
|
165,0
|
|
April
|
10,51
|
122,23
|
197,0
|
|
May
|
13,23
|
153,86
|
273,0
|
|
June
|
14,51
|
168,75
|
325,0
|
|
July
|
15,08
|
175,38
|
365,0
|
|
August
|
13,62
|
158,40
|
343,0
|
|
September
|
10,60
|
123,28
|
280,0
|
|
October
|
7,73
|
89,90
|
214,0
|
|
November
|
5,23
|
60,82
|
157,0
|
|
December
|
4,03
|
46,87
|
103,0
|
|
TOTAL
|
112,74
|
1311
|
2640
|
|
AVERAGE
|
308,0 cal/cm2-day
|
3,6 kWh/m2-day
|
7,2 hours/day
|
|
Table-2
Regional Distribution of Solar Energy Potential
of Turkey
Source: General Directorate of
EIE
|
|
REGION
|
TOTAL SOLAR RADIATION
(kWh/m2-year)
|
SUNSHINE DURATION (hours/year)
|
|
Southeastern Anatolia
|
1460
|
2993
|
|
Mediterranean
|
1390
|
2956
|
|
East Anatolia
|
1365
|
2664
|
|
Central Anatolia
|
1314
|
2628
|
|
Aegean
|
1304
|
2738
|
|
Marmara
|
1168
|
2409
|
|
Black Sea
|
1120
|
1971
|
2. SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION
Solar Flat Plate Collectors
Main solar energy utilization in Turkey
is the flat plate collectors in the domestic hot water
systems. Turkey is one of the leading countries in
the world with a total installed capacity of 8,2 million
m² collector area as of 2001. The systems are mostly
used in Aegean and Mediterranean regions. Total energy
production equals to 290 000 TOE (ton oil equivalent).
The industry is well developed with
high quality manufacturing and export capacity. The
number of companies is around 100. Annual manufacturing
capacity is 750 000 m².
The contribution of solar collectors
to the primary energy production is given below:
|
Year
|
Solar Energy Contribution
(thousand TOE )
|
|
1998
|
210
|
|
1999
|
236
|
|
2000
|
262
|
|
2001
|
290
|
Photovoltaic Systems
Utilization
of photovoltaic systems is limited with the usage
of some governmental organizations in remote service
areas such as telecom stations, forest fire observation
towers and highway emergency. Total installed peak
power is estimated as 300 kWp.
INSTITUTES
EIE is the responsible organization
from the development and utilization of solar energy
in Turkey.
Regarding the solar
energy research,
in addition to EIE, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center
and some universities (Ege University Solar Energy
Institute, Mugla
University, METU, Kocaeli University, Fırat University)
carry on research projects.
On the solar
radiation data;
State Meteorological Service (DMI) collects solar
data. EIE also has been separately collecting data
since 1991.
Related standards: Standards on solar
energy system were prepared by Turkish Standard Institute.
Currently there are two standards:
- TS 3680 –Solar Energy Collectors-
Flat Plate
- TS 3817 – Rules for the Manufacturation,
Installation and Operation of Solar Water Heaters
EIE contributed to the preparation
of standards. Thermal performance tests of the certificate
procedure are also performed by EIE.
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